Research Evidence about What Works in Family Nursing Practice: Unpacking and Going inside Interventions
Keywords:
Family nursing, Family intervention research, InterventionsAbstract
The future of family nursing research needs to reflect the essence of family nursing practice, i.e., to heal emotional, physical, and/or spiritual suffering within families. The authors challenge the predominant belief within "good science” that before intervention research can be designed and conducted, there first must be a thorough understanding of the phenomenon, (i.e., an in-depth knowledge of the variables that mediate families' response to health and illness). In this model, only after the variables are understood and the relationships between the variables are known, can interventions be designed to alter these variables in an effective manner. This may be a useful model for theory building that hopefully, after many years of systematic study, improves nursing practice. But in daily nursing practice, nurses encounter family suffering in a variety of practice settings that require immediate care and intervention. Therefore, family nursing practice as it occurs in the daily life of nurses needs to be described, explored, and evaluated to gain an understanding of what is working in the moment. What are nurses actually doing and saying that is helpful to families in their experience of illness? This chapter offers ideas for conducting research about nursing practice with families that goes “inside the intervention" to find answers to the question, "How do we make sense of what nursing actions helped the family to diminish or alleviate suffering ?” This kind of research enables immediate reflections, changes and makes improvements to practice, and thereby increases possibilities for diminishing suffering.References
Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of inind. New York: Ballantine Books.
Bell, J.M. (1995). Wanted : Family nursing interventions [Editorial]. Joumal of Family Nursing, 1(4), 355-358.
Bell, J.M. (1999). Therapeutic failure : Exploring uncharted territory in family nursing [Editorial). Journal of Fainily Nursing, 5(4), 371-373.
Bell, J.M. (2000). Editor's choice : Selected bibliography on research with families. Journal of Fainily Nursing, 6(4), 400-404.
Bell, J.M. (2002). 20 Anniversary of the Family Nursing Unit [Editorial]. Journal of Family Nursing, 8(3), 175-177.
Bell, J.M., Moules, N.J., & Wright, L.M. (2009). Therapeutic letters and the Family Nursing Unit: A legacy of advanced nursing practice. Journal of Family Nursing, 15(1), 6-30.
Bulechek, G.M., & McCloskey, J.C. (1999). Nursing interventions. Effective nursing treatments (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Campbell, T.L. (2003). The effectiveness of family interventions for physical disorders. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(2), 263-281.
Campbell, T.L., & Patterson, J.M. (1995). The effectiveness of family interventions in the treatment of physical illness. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 21(4), 545-583.
Chesla, C. A. (1991). Parents' caring practices with schizophrenic offspring. Qualitative Health Research, 1(4), 446-468.
Chesla, C. A. (1995). Hermeneutic phenomenology, an approach to understanding families. Journal of Fainily Nursing, 1(1), 63-78.
Chesla, C.A. (1996). Reconciling technologic and family care in critical-care nursing. linage : Joumal of Nursing Scholarship, 28(3), 199-203.
Chesta, C.A. (2005). Highlights from the 7th International Family Nursing Conserence. Plenary Address : Nursing science and chronic illness : Articulating suffering and possibility in family life. Journal of Family Nursing, 11(4), 371-387.
Chesla, C. A. & Chun, K. (2005). Accommodating type 2 diabetes in the Chinese American family. Qualitative Health Research, 15(2), 240-255.
Chesla, C. A., Fisher, L., Mullan, J., Skaff, M. Gardiner, P., Chun, K. & Kanter, R. (2004). The family and disease management in African American patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27(12), 2850-2855.
Chesla, C. A., Martinson, I., & Muswaswes, M. (1995). Caregiving : Continuities and discontinuities in family member's relationships with Alzheimer's patients. In K. R. Gilbert (Ed.), Annual editions: Mariage and family (pp. 184-190). Guilford, CT: Brown & Benchmark.
Chesla, C.A., & Stannard, D. (1997). Breakdown in the nursing care of families in the ICU. American Journal of Critical Care, 6(1), 64-71.
Chun, K., & Chesla, C.A. (2004). Challenges to Chinese American beliefs and health practices from type 2 diabetes. Psychology and Health, 19(6), 767-785.
Craft, M.J., & Willadsen, J.A. (1992). Interventions related to family. Nursing Clinics of North America, 27(2), 517-540.
Deal, J.E. (1995). Utilizing data from multiple family members: A within-family approach. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 1109-1121.
Doane, G.H., & Varcoe, C. (2005). Family nursing as relational inquiry. Philadelphia : Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins.
Duhamel, F., & Dupuis, F. (2005, June). Where does the "one question question” lead us in family nursing? Paper presented at the 7th International Family Nursing Conference, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
Duhamel, F., & Talbot, L. (2004). A constructivist evaluation of family interventions in cardiovascular nursing practice. Journal of Family Nursing, 10(1), 12-32.
Feetham, S.L. (1984). Family research: Issues and directions for nursing. In H.H. Werley & J.J. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Annual review of nursing research, vol. 2 (pp. 3-27). New York: Springer.
Feetham, S.L., (1990). Conceptual and methodological issues in research of families. In J.M. Bell, W.W. Watson, & L.M. Wright (Eds.), The cutting edge of family nursing (pp. 35-49). Calgary, Alberta, Canada: Family Nursing Unit Publications.
Feetham, S.L. (1991). Conceptual and methodological issues in research of families. In A. Whall & J. Fawcett (Eds.), Family theory development in nursing: State of the science and art (pp. 55-68). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
Fisher, L., Kokes, R., Ransom, D., Phillips, S. & Rudd, P. (1985). Alternative strategies for creating relational family data. Family Process, 24, 213-224.
Fisher, L., Terry, H.E., & Ransom, D. (1990). Advancing a family perspective in health research: Models and methods. Family Process, 29, 177-189.
Gadamer, H.G. (1960/1989). Truth and method (2nd rev. ed.). Weinsheimer & D.G. Marshall, Trans. New York: Continuum.
Gadamer, H.G. (1976). Philosophical hermeneutics (D.E. Linge, Ed. & Trans.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Gale, J., Chenail, R.J., Watson, W.L., Wright, L.M., & Bell, J.M. (1996). Research and practice: A reflexive and recursive relationship. Three narratives and five voices. Marriage and Family Review, 24 (3/4), 275-295. [Special issue: Methods and Methodologies of Qualitative Family Research.]
Ganong, L. (1995). Current trends and issues in family research. Joumal of Family Nursing, 1(2), 171-206.
Ganong, L. (2003). Selecting family measurements. Journal of Family Nursing, 9(2), 184-206.
Gilliss, C.L. (1983). The family as a unit of analysis: Strategies for the nurse researcher. Advances in Nursing Science, 5(3), 50-59.
Gilliss, C.L. (1989). Family research in nursing. In C.L. Gilliss, B.L. Highley, B.M. Roberts, & I.M. Martinson (Eds.), Toward a science of family nursing (pp. 37-63). Menlo Park, CA : Addison-Wesley.
Gilliss, C.L. (1991). Family nursing research, theory and practice. Image : Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 23, 19-22.
Gilliss, C.L., & Davis, L.L. (1992). Family nursing research: Precepts from paragons and peccadilloes. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17(1), 28-33
Gilliss, C.L., & Davis, L.L. (1993). Does family intervention make a difference? An integrative review and meta-analysis. In S.L. Feetham, S.B. Meister, J.M. Bell, & C.L. Gilliss (Eds.), The nursing of families. Theory/research/education/practice (pp. 259-265). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gilliss, C.L., & Knafl, K.A. (1999). Nursing care of families in non-normative transitions. The state of science and practice. In A.S. Hinshaw, S.L. Feetham, & J.L. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical nursing research (pp. 231-249). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Goudreau, J., & Duhamel, F. (2003). Interventions in perinatal family care: A participatory study. Families, Systems & Health, 21(2), 165-180.
Greenberg, L.S. (1991). Research on the process of change. Psychotherapy Research, 1, 3-16.
Greenberg, L.S. (1986). Change process research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 4-9.
Greenstein, T.N. (2001). Methods of family research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hartrick G. (1997). Relational capacity : The foundation for interpersonal nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(3), 523-528.
Hougher Limacher, L. H. (2003). Commendations : The healing potential of one family systems nursing intervention. Unpublished doctoral thesis. University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hougher Limacher, L. H., & Wright, L.M. (2003). Commendations: Listening to the silent side of a family intervention. Journal of Family Nursing, 9(2), 130-135.
Hougher Limacher, L. & Wright, L.M. (2006). Exploring the therapeutic family intervention of commendations: Insights from research. Journal of Family Nursing, 12(3), 307-331.
Hupcey, J.E. (1998). Establishing the nurse-family relationship in the intensive care unit. Westem Joumal of Nursing Research, 20(2), 180-194.
Kazak, A.E. (2002). Challenges in family health intervention research. Families, Systems & Health, 20(1), 51-59.
Kendall, J., Leo, M.C., Perrin, N., & Hatton, D. (2005). Service needs of families with children with ADHD. Joumal of Family Nursing, 11(3), 264-288.
Kendall, J., & Shelton, K. (2003). A typology of management styles in families with children with ADHD. Journal of Family Nursing, 9(3), 257-280.
Knafl. K.A., & Deatrick, J.A. (2003). Further refinement of the Family Management Style Framework. Joumal of Family Nursing, 9(3), 232-256.
Knafl, K.A., & Gilliss, C.L. (2002). Families and chronic illness : A synthesis of current research. Joumal of Family Nursing, 8(3), 178-198.
Larsen, A., & Olson, D.H. (1990). Capturing the complexity of family systems: Integrating family theory, family scores, and family analysis. In T.W. Draper & A.C. Marcos (Eds.), Family variables : Conceptualization, measurement and use (pp. 19-47). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Law, D.D., Crane, D.R., & Berge, J.M. (2003). The influence of individual, marital and family therapy on high utilizers of health care. Joumal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(3), 353-363.
Lebow, J. (1996). Do-it-yourself research. The practical advantages of studying your own practice. The Family Therapy Networker, 20(6), 61-63.
Matire, L.M., Lustig, A.P., Schulz, R., Miller, G.E., & Helgeson, V.S. (2004). Is it beneficial to involved a family member? A meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for chronic illness. Health Psychology, 23(6), 599-611.
Maturana, H. (1988). Reality : The search for objectivity or the quest for a compelling argument. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 25-83.
Maturana, H., & Varela, F.J. (1992). The tree of knowledge : The biological roots of human understanding (rev. ed.). Boston: Shambhala.
McLeod, D.L. (2003). Opening space for the spiritual Therapeutic conversations with families living with serious illness. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
McLeod, D.L., & Wright, L.M. (2008). Living the as-yet unanswered : Spiritual care practices in family systems nursing. Journal of Family Nursing, 14(1), 118-141.
McCloskey, J.C., & Bulechek, G.M. (Eds.). (1996). Nursing interventions classification (NIC) (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book.
McCubbin, M. (1999). Normative family transitions and health outcomes. In A.S. Hinshaw, S.L. Feetham, & J.L.F. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of clinical nursing research (pp. 201-230). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morse, J.M., Penrod, J., & Hupcey, J.E. (2000). Qualitative outcome analysis : Evaluating nursing interventions for complex clinical phenomena. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32(2), 125-130.
Moules, NJ. (1998). Legitimizing grief: Challenging beliefs that constrain. Journal of Family Nursing, 4(2), 138-162.
Moules, N.J. (2000). Nursing on paper: The art and mystery of therapeutic letters in clinical work with fanilies experiencing illness. Unpublished doctoral thesis. University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Moules, N.J. (2002). Nursing on paper : Therapeutic letters in nursing practice. Nursing Inquiry, 9(2), 104-113.
Moules, N.J. (2003). Therapy on paper: Therapeutic letters and the tone of relationship. Journal of Systeinic Therapies, 22(1), 33-49.
Moules, N.J., Simonson, K., Prins, M., Angus, P., & Bell, J.M. (2004). Making room for grief : Walking backward and living forward. Nursing Inquiry, 11(2), 99-107.
Noiseux, S., & Duhamel, F.(2003). La greffe de moelle osseuse chez l'enfant. Évaluation constructiviste de l'intervention auprès des parents. (Bone marrow transplant in children: A constructivist evaluation of interventions for the parents), Perspective infirmière, 1 (1), 12-24.
O'Farrell, P., Murray, J., & Hotz, S.B. (2000). Psychological distress among spouses of patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. Heart and Lung, 29(2), 97-104.
Pinsof, W.M. (1989). A conceptual framework and methodological critique for family therapy process research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 53-59.
Pinsof, W.M., & Wynne, L.C. (2000). Toward progress research : Closing the gap between family therapy practice and research. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26, 1-8.
Robinson, C.A. (1994). Women, families, chronic illness and nursing interventions: From burden to balance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Robinson, C.A. (1996). Health care relationships revisited. Journal of Family Nursing, 2 (2), 152-173.
Robinson, C.A. (1998). Women, families, chronic illness, and nursing interventions: From burden to balance. Journal of Family Nursing, 4 (3), 271-290.
Robinson, C.A., & Wright, L.M. (1995). Family nursing interventions : What families say makes a difference. Journal of Family Nursing, 1 (3), 327-345.
Sabatelli, R., & Bartle, S. (1995). Survey approaches to the assessment of family functioning : Conceptual, perational, and analytical issues. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 1025-1039.
Sandelowski, M. (1996). Focus on qualitative methods. Using qualitative methods in intervention studies. Research in Nursing & Health, 19, 359-364.
Schober, M., & Affara, F. (2001). The family nurse: Frameworks for practice. Geneva, Switzerland: International Council of Nurses.
Sprenkle, D.H., & Piercy, F.P. (Eds.). (2005). Research methods in family therapy (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Tapp, D.M. (1997). Exploring therapeutic conversations between nurses and families experiencing ischemic heart disease. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Tapp, D.M. (2000). The ethics of relational stance in family nursing : Resisting the view of "nurse as expert”. Journal of Family Nursing, 6(1), 69-91.
Tapp, D.M. (2001). Conserving the vitality of suffering: Addressing family constraints to illness conversations. Nursing Inquiry, 8(4), 254–263.
Tapp, D.M. (2004). Dilemmas of family support during cardiac recovery: Nagging as a gesture of support. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 26, 561-580.
Touliatos, J., Perlmutter, B.F., & Holden, G.W. (2001). Handbook of family measurement Volumes 1-3 (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Weihs, K., Fisher, L., & Baird, M. (2002). Families, health, and behavior. Families, Systems & Health, 20(1), 7-46.
Whittemore, R., & Grey, M. (2002). The systematic development of nursing interventions. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 34(2), 115-120,
Wright, L.M. (1997). Beliefs, illness, and healing: A dynamic threesome. AFTA Newsletter, Summer(68), 15-18.
Wright, L.M. (2005). Spirituality, suffering, and illness: Ideas for healing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
Wright, L.M., & Bell, J.M. (2009). Beliefs and illness : A model for healing. Calgary, Canada : 4th Floor Press.
Wright, L.M., & Bell, J.M. (1997). Beliefs, families and illness : The evolution of a clinical practice approach. AARN Newsletter, 53(1), 11-12.
Wright, L.M., & Leahey, M. (2009). Nurses and families. A guide to assessment and intervention (5th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
Wright, L.M., & Leahey, M. (2005). The three most common errors in family nursing: How to avoid or sidestep. Journal of Family Nursing, 11(2), 90-101.
Wright, L.M., & Levac, A.M. (1992). The non existence of non-compliant families : The influence of Humberto Maturana. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 913-917.
Wright, L.M., Watson, W.L., & Bell, J.M. (1990). The Family Nursing Unit: A unique integration of research, education and clinical practice. In J.M. Bell, W.L. Watson & L.M. Wright (Eds.), The cutting edge of family nursing (pp. 95-109). Calgary, Alberta, Canada : Family Nursing Unit Publications.
Wright, L.M., Watson, W.L., & Bell, J.M. (1996). Beliefs : The heart of healing in families and illness. New York: Basic Books.
