วิตามินเอในอาหารสัตว์น้ำ
Dietary Vitamin A for Aquatic Animals
Keywords:
วิตามินเอ , เรตินอล , เรตินอยด์ , แคโรทีนอยด์ , สัตว์น้ำ, vitamin A, retinol, retinoid, carotenoid, aquatic animalAbstract
วิตามินเอเป็นกลุ่มของสารอินทรีย์ที่ออกฤทธิ์คล้ายเรตินอลและมีบทบาทสำคัญต่อการมองเห็น การสร้างเซลล์ การพัฒนาของตัวอ่อนและระบบภูมิคุ้มกัน วิตามินเอมี 2 กลุ่ม คือ เรตินอยด์ เช่น เรตินอลและเรตินาล และแคโรทีนอยด์ เป็นที่สารตั้งต้นในการสังเคราะห์วิตามินเอ เช่น เบต้าแคโรทีน สัตว์น้ำสะสมวิตามินเอส่วนใหญ่ในตับในรูปเอสเตอร์ของ all-trans-retinol (วิตามิน A1 ) แล 3,4-dehydroretinol (วิตามิน A2 ) โดยปลาทะเลสะสมในรูปวิตามิน A1 เท่านั้น แต่ปลาน้ำจืดสะสมได้ทั้งสองรูปแบบ สัตว์น้ำที่ขาดแคลนวิตามินเอ (Hypovitaminosis A) แสดงอาการโรคที่จำเพาะคือตาบอด หรือตาโปน ส่วนการได้รับวิตามินเอในอัตราสูง (Hypervitaminosis A) ทำให้กระดูกผิดปกติโดยเฉพาะกระดูกสันหลัง ปริมาณวิตามินเอนิยมกำหนดเป็นหน่วย International Unit (IU) หรือ Retinol Equivalent (RE) ที่คิดเป็นปริมาณเรตินอล เท่ากับ 0.3 และ 1 ไมโครกรัม ตามลำดับ โรงงานผลิตอาหารสัตว์น้ำส่วนใหญ่ใช้เรตินิลอะซิเตตหรือเรตินิลปาล์มิเตต สังเคราะห์เป็นแหล่งวิตามินเอในอาหารทั้งรูปแบบวิตามินเดี่ยวหรือวิตามินรวม ปัจจุบัน มีการศึกษาเกี่ยวกับวิตามินเอในอาหารสัตว์น้ำมากขึ้นโดยเฉพาะในสัตว์น้ำวัยอ่อนและวัยรุ่น แต่ยังไม่สามารถระบุความต้องการวิตามินเอของสัตว์น้ำ หลายชนิดที่ศึกษาได้อย่างชัดเจน เนื่องจากระดับทดสอบมีความแตกต่างกันมาก ระดับทดสอบไม่เป็นสัดส่วนกัน หรือ ระดับทดสอบบางส่วนมีค่าสูงจนทำให้สัตว์น้ำได้รับผลกระทบจากภาวะ Hypervitaminosis A อย่างไรก็ตาม เมื่อพิจารณาจากงานวิจัยที่ผ่านมาและคำแนะนำต่างๆ ทำให้มีข้อสรุปเบื้องต้นได้ว่าอาหารกุ้งและปลาควรมีวิตามินเอที่คำนวณเป็นปริมาณเรตินอล อย่างน้อย 4,000 IU และไม่ควรเกิน 12,000 IU ต่อกิโลกรัม Vitamin A is a group of organic matters biologically active like retinol and plays important roles on vision, cell formation, embryonic development and immune system. It consists of two groups which areretinoids i.e. retinol and retinal, and carotenoids being precursors for vitamin A synthesis i.e. beta-carotene. Aquatic animals mostly deposit vitamin A in liver as ester forms of all-trans-retinol (Vitamin A1) and 3,4-dehydroretinol (Vitamin A2). Marine fish deposits only A1, but both forms for freshwater fish. Vitamin A deficient aquatic animals (Hypovitaminosis A) show a unique clinical sign of blindness or exophthalmia, while excessive dietary intake (Hypervitaminosis A) causes bone deformity, especially spinal cord. Vitamin A quantity has been preferably determined as International Unit (IU) or Retinol Equivalent (RE) accounted for 0.3 and 1 microgram of retinol, respectively. Aquatic animal feed mills mostly use synthetic retinyl acetate or palmitate as dietary vitamin A source either a single or a vitamin premix form. Currently, there have been more studies about dietary vitamin A for aquatic animals, especially at young and juvenile stages, but requirements of those groups studied cannot be clearly specified. These are because of test levels were determined with high difference, nonproportion or some high values resulted in hypervitaminosis A. However, based on previous researches and recommendations, it can be preliminarily concluded that shrimp, prawn and fish diets should contain vitamin A calculated as retinol at least 4,000 IU and not above 12,000 IU per kilogram.References
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