การใช้สัตว์หน้าดินเป็นตัวบ่งชี้ทางชีวภาพเพื่อประเมินสภาวะมลพิษจากสารอินทรีย์ในแหล่งน้ำ บริเวณเกาะยอ จ.สงขลา
Using Macrobenthic Fauna as Bio-Indicator for Assessment of the Organic Pollution at Koh Yo, Songkhla Province
Keywords:
สัตว์หน้าดินขนาดใหญ่ , ปัจจัยสิ่งแวดล้อม , มลพิษ, ทะเลสาบสงขลา , ดัชนีบ่งชี้ชีวภาพ, macrobenthic fauna , environmental factors , pollution, Songkhla lake, bioindicator indexAbstract
เกาะยอเป็นแหล่งเพาะเลี้ยงสัตว์น้ำและการทำประมงที่สำคัญของประเทศไทย รวมทั้งปัจจุบันบริเวณรอบเกาะยอ มีกิจกรรมมนุษย์และการเจริญเติบโตของชุมชนที่เพิ่มมากขึ้น จึงเป็นแหล่งรองรับน้ำทิ้งและของเสียจากกิจกรรมมนุษย์ วัตถุประสงค์ของการศึกษาในครั้งนี้คือ ศึกษาสัตว์หน้าดินขนาดใหญ่และปัจจัยสิ่งแวดล้อมเพื่อประเมินสภาวะมลพิษจากสารอินทรีย์ในแหล่งน้ำ บริเวณเกาะยอ เก็บตัวอย่างในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. 2562 ทั้งหมด 3 สถานีได้แก่ สถานีบ้านอ่าวทราย (สถานี A), ป่ าชายเลน (สถานี M) และวัดท้ายยอ (สถานี T) โดยเก็บตัวอย่างสถานีละ 5 จุดที่ระยะห่างจากขอบชายฝั่ง 0, 100, 300, 600 และ 1,200 เมตร ผลการศึกษาพบว่าความคล้ายคลึง (cluster analysis) ของปัจจัยสิ่งแวดล้อมทุกสถานีมีความคล้ายคลึงกันสูง (92.44% – 97.34%) ส่วนสัตว์หน้าดินขนาดใหญ่พบทั้งหมด 3 ไฟลัม 34 ชนิด มีความชุกชุมรวมเฉลี่ย 3,099±63 ตัวต่อตารางเมตร สถานีบ้านอ่าวทรายมีความหลากหลายและชุกชุมมากที่สุด (30 ชนิด, H’= 2.6, 3,849±88 ตัวต่อตารางเมตร) รองลงมาคือสถานีป่าชายเลน (23 ชนิด, H’= 2.2, 3,084±296 ตัวต่อตารางเมตร) และสถานีวัดท้ายยอพบความหลากหลายและความชุกชุมของสัตว์หน้าดินน้อยที่สุด (15 ชนิด, H’= 2.1, 2,363±139 ตัวต่อตารางเมตร) ทาไนดาเซียนชนิด Ctenapseudes sapensis เป็นสัตว์หน้าดินชนิดเด่น และมีความหนาแน่นมากที่สุดในทุกสถานี ความคล้ายคลึงของสัตว์หน้าดินขนาดใหญ่แต่ละสถานีพบว่ามีความคล้ายคลึงกันต่ำถึงปานกลาง (26.13% – 74.65%) เมื่อวิเคราะห์ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างสัตว์หน้าดินกับปัจจัยสิ่งแวดล้อมพบว่าคุณภาพตะกอนดินมีผล ต่อการแพร่กระจายของสัตว์หน้าดินขนาดใหญ่บริเวณเกาะยอมากกว่าคุณภาพน้ำ เมื่อประเมินระดับการเกิดมลพิษจากสารอินทรีย์ ด้วยดัชนี AMBI (AZTI's Marine Biotic Index) พบว่าทั้ง 3 สถานีมีค่าเฉลี่ยอยู่ในระดับการเกิดมลพิษเล็กน้อย (BC=2.0 – 2.5) และบริเวณสถานีบ้านอ่าวทรายที่ระยะ 300 เมตร ซึ่งเป็นบริเวณที่มีการเลี้ยงปลาในกระชังและการสร้างโฮมสเตย์มีค่าสัมประสิทธิ์ ดัชนีชีวภาพมากที่สุด (BC= 3.4) ซึ่งเกิดมลพิษในระดับปานกลาง Koh Yo is an important aquacultures and fisheries area of Thailand and has surrounded increasing human activities. Consequently, most of waste from the activities was drained into Songkhla Lake. Theaim of this study is to investigate macrobenthic fauna and environmental factors for assessment of organic pollution at Koh Yo. The sample were collected in February 2019 at three areas, including Ban Ao Sai (station A), Mangrove (station M) and Wat Tai Yo (station T). In each area, sample were collected at five stations from nearshore to offshore at a distance of 0, 100, 300, 600 and 1,200 meters. The cluster analysis of environmental factors among all stations showed high similarities (92.44% – 97.34%). Macrobenthic fauna consisted of 3 phyla 34 species with the average abundance of 3,099±63 ind/m2. Ban Ao Sai has the highest diversity and abundance (30 species, H’= 2.6, 3,849±88 ind/m2) followed by Mangrove (23 species, H’= 2.2, 3,084±296 ind/m2), and Wat Tai Yo, showed the lowest diversity and abundance (15 species, H’= 2.1, 2,363±139 ind/m2). Tanaidacean Ctenapseudes sapensis was the dominant species and had the highest density in all stations. The cluster analysis of macrobenthic fauna among all stations revealed low to moderate similarities in range of 26.13% –74.65%. The canonical correspondence analysis revealed that sediment had more effected on distribution of macrobenthic faunacompared to water quality. The result of the AMBI (AZTI's Marine Biotic Index) in each station indicated that Koh Yo was under slightly polluted condition (BC= 2.0 –2.5). Moreover, Ban Ao Sai at a distance 300 meters, the area of fish cages and homestays showed the highest Biotic Coefficient (BC= 3.4), which is indicated meanly polluted condition.References
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